Saksagan
Basilica Meeting Place of the Senate
On the eastern side of the Augustaion square, Emperor Constantine built a grand building called the Basilica. This was where the Senate of Constantinople...
Forum of Constantine
A Grand Public Space
Just outside the main city gate, Emperor Constantine built a large public square called the Forum of Constantine. This area became...
Transformation of Byzantium into Constantinople
The transformation of Byzantium into the new imperial capital began in the year 328 AD, under the rule of Emperor Constantine the Great. This...
Loopholes in Wall AA
The front side of wall AA has two rows of loopholes. These loopholes are actually openings in two passageways (called galleries) that were built...
Entrance Through the Gateway
Entering through gateway l, you come into a high entrance hall, marked as vestibule b. Today, this space is completely dark, so any visitor...
The Two Towers Tower N and Tower S
This section of the ancient walls includes two important towers, known as Tower N and Tower S. These towers, although built close to each...
The Price of Prosperity in Ottoman Europe
Wealth Attracts Trouble
In the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Europe, no man was free to improve his life. Whenever someone saved money or gained property, they...
A Land of Constant Conflict
For many centuries, the territory now known as Bulgaria was fought over again and again. Until the end of the 14th century, Christian kingdoms...
The Great Turk and His Capital
The Lost Provinces
The next conflict in Europe may again take place in the Balkan Peninsula. This region lies south of Austria-Hungary. It is bordered...
Cistern Construction in the Middle and Late Byzantine Periods
Cisterns as a Response to the Decline of Water Supply
During the middle and late Byzantine periods, Constantinople faced a gradual decline in its water...
